The specific factors to be considered in the ecological design include: increasing the proportion of materials with a high regeneration rate, reducing pollution costs, and saving the purchase and consumption costs of raw materials; linking the sewage treatment activities with increasing the reuse rate of water, effectively reducing water consumption Lightweight design of products; removable parts and easy handling design of parts and components; selection of harmless packaging; closed loop design of product production process;
Environmental Cost Control of Automotive Coating Material Selection Process Environmental Control Materials Environmental Materials Concepts and Classifications Environmental materials are those materials that have good performance and are well-coordinated with the environment. Specifically, environmental materials are materials that have low consumption of resources and energy, have little impact on the ecological environment, can be recycled or used, and have excellent performance.
The environmental materials can be divided into the following types: high-cycle recycled materials, which have the characteristics of being able to be used repeatedly and repeatedly, or waste-recyclable resources, and have high utilization rate and less final circulating materials. For example, some special steels (high-speed tool steels), some macromolecule polymer materials (catalyst-dispersed polystyrenes, etc.), and low-environmental materials, which have low energy consumption and material consumption in their waste disposal, do not form two. There are few secondary or secondary pollutions, such as metallurgical waste materials, natural magnetite, etc. Environmental functional materials, such materials have the function of purifying, curing, and restoring the environment during use, and the materials themselves are easy to recycle or regenerate, such as Ion exchange resin fibers; healthy materials, such materials in the use or consumption process almost no harmful substances on the human body and the environment, nor secondary pollution, such as natural wood materials, wood and ceramics.
The environmental benefits and cost-benefit analysis of environmental materials Compared with traditional materials, environmental materials have less impact on the environment in all aspects of mining, processing, use, disposal, etc. Therefore, enterprises choose environmentally materials is undoubtedly better Environmental benefits. Describes the difference between environmental materials and traditional materials in environmental improvement. Environmental Cost Control for Automotive Coating Material Selection Process Selection Principles for Selection of Environmental Materials for Automotive Painting Environmental materials should be selected in accordance with the principles of environmental benefits, quality benefits, and economic benefits. For automotive coatings, these principles are expressed in terms of environmental benefits. The principle is that the selected materials should be able to reduce resource consumption, energy consumption, and reduce waste emissions. Select as many resources as possible to recycle recycled materials, low-environmentally-loaded materials, environmental-functional materials, and health materials to meet the automotive coating manufacturing requirements and achieve the highest possible environmental benefits. The principle of quality benefits means that selected materials should meet the process specifications and Equipment requirements, and to ensure that product quality can meet enterprise quality standards and user needs, the output of the company expected social benefits; economic principles refers to the selection of materials, low cost, and the use of large benefits, so-called low-cost, high-yield to meet Automotive coating products are cost-competitive.
The method of selecting environmental materials for automotive painting should try to avoid the use of scarce raw materials and effectively protect natural resources. The automotive coating process involves a large number of chemical raw materials. When selecting these chemical raw materials, it is necessary to avoid the use of rare raw materials and find suitable alternatives. For example, pre-treatment materials and cathodic electrophoretic paints contain some heavy metal catalysts such as Mn, Sn, Pb, etc., which can be replaced by organic catalysts; some colors such as red metallic paints need to add scarce pigments and need to be replaced. The use of scarce raw materials not only damages the environment, but also leads to a substantial increase in product costs, which is unfavorable to both environmental benefits and economic benefits. Choose raw materials with high recycling rates. If the recyclability of the material is high and the resources are consumed less, it is environmentally friendly. For example, the diluent used in automotive painting is recycled during the coating process. If the diluent contains many low-boiling components, the volatility loss will be large and the recycling efficiency will be low. Therefore, under the premise of satisfying the performance requirements, it is necessary to reduce its volatility and appropriately increase the components with higher boiling points.
Select low-toxicity raw materials. Poisonous and harmful raw materials have higher requirements for packaging, transportation and storage, and there are more opportunities and links for environmental pollution; at the same time, toxic and hazardous materials also have stricter requirements for the labor protection of production equipment and operators. Increase the cost of use; once these materials leak, they may pollute the water, soil, and air, so they should be avoided if possible. For example, in the treatment of the passivation solution, try to avoid the use of invaluable chromium (carcinogenic), avoid the use of ethylene glycol butyl ether in the electrophoretic paint solvent (resulting in infertility), and try to select raw materials that are easy to handle and easy to recycle. Disposal residues are easy to handle, easy to decompose or degrade, then the requirements of the processing equipment are low, and the processing cost is low; the high utilization rate of waste recycling leads to high resource utilization rate and less pollution discharge. If water-based paints are used instead of solvent paints, the volatilization of paint slag and paint mist will be greatly reduced. Investment in paint spray equipment for water-based paints is much lower than solvent paints. Try to use energy-saving raw materials and save energy.
The coating process is a chemical reaction process. The chemical reaction requires energy. Therefore, when selecting the raw materials, the energy requirements during the reaction should be considered, and the raw materials that can complete the reaction at room temperature or at a low temperature should be selected as much as possible. Materials that require high temperatures to complete the reaction. If you choose low-temperature degreasing materials, choose a new type of low-temperature electrophoresis material, so that the corresponding heat exchangers and ovens consume less energy.
Environmental Cost Control in Automotive Painting Manufacturing Process Cleaner Production Cleaner production includes four aspects: The goal of cleaner production is to reduce adverse risks to humans and the environment, including energy conservation, raw material consumption reduction, waste reduction, and resource recycling. Harmless, reducing the amount of pollutants produced and emissions; cleaner production includes production processes and products. For the production process, cleaner production means saving raw materials and energy, eliminating the use of toxic materials in the production process. Reduce the quantity and toxicity of waste before discharging waste; for products, cleaner production means reducing and reducing the adverse effects of the product from the raw material to the final disposal life cycle; the basic means of cleaner production is to improve process equipment and develop new process flow. Close loop production of raw materials, comprehensive utilization of resources, adjustment of product structure, do a good job in end-to-end governance, and strive to minimize or eliminate the waste in the production process; clean production methods is to continue to use the overall prevention of environmental strategies, through product life cycle analysis and Find the problem, find the cause Adopt measures to eliminate or reduce contaminants. Cleaner production model with the goal of sustainable development.
The environmental cost-effectiveness of clean production is reflected in the following two aspects. The environmental benefits brought by clean production: the greatest degree of conservation of valuable resources and energy, making it the most fully utilized during the life cycle; minimizing the discharge of pollutants, avoiding the environmental risks of the enterprise, and making Corporate production and environmental protection have been harmoniously united. The sustainable production as the goal of the clean production model The economic benefits brought about by clean production: save energy, resources, increase the cost savings brought about by its recycling rate; comprehensive utilization of resources to form new products or services, its sales bring enterprises The increase in profits; The increase in the production efficiency through the selection of raw materials, process reforms, and equipment renewal, thereby increasing the profit growth resulting from the production of products; the discharge of pollutants that meet or exceed the environmental standards. Savings or deductions for fees, fines, and claims, etc.; implementation of cleaner production, environmental protection, preferential loans, and environmental protection grants, as well as preferential tax policies granted by the state.
Democratic management refers to the availability of information and participation in decision-making, which can ensure that environmental decisions are more reasonable. Cleaner production should include all objects affected by industrial activities, including workers, consumers, and society. Therefore, communities must master industrial emissions information and obtain information on pollutants. The integrated approach means that companies must adopt a systematic approach to the use and consumption of environmental resources. Decentralized management cannot be used, resulting in the transfer of contaminants from one medium to another (eg, between air, water, and soil). Reducing pollution emissions from the production process may shift hazards into products, which can be minimized through the solution of issues such as the flow of raw materials, water and energy, and the economic impact of cleaner production.
Avoid raw materials falling into "three wastes." Similarly, materials used as media in the production process also have the possibility of recovery and regeneration. If the electrophoretic paint wastewater is subjected to ultrafiltration treatment, the electrophoretic paint dissolved in water can be recycled and used, and high-purity ultrafiltration water can be obtained for the rinsing process. Optimize the process and process by optimizing the process flow, operating procedures, raw material specifications and packaging and other series of reform measures to minimize the waste of resources and pollution emissions in the production process. For example, reforming the painting process, canceling the PVC oven, and baking the PVC and the intermediate paint at the same time can save a lot of energy and costs. The elimination of varnish spray coating on the engine cover and trunk lid does not affect the aesthetic requirements of the customer, but also saves a lot of paint materials and rework hours. Reforming equipment and equipment to optimize production equipment and equipment, improve equipment operation efficiency, and reduce pollution emissions. If ordinary spraying equipment is changed to electrostatic spraying equipment, because the latter's utilization rate of paint is more than 30% higher than the former, it can reduce the flying of paint fog, save a large amount of raw materials, and reduce the cost of waste paint spray. Rationally arrange production methods by rationally arranging production and variety plans to reduce unnecessary losses of materials, energy, and labor.
If discontinuous production is avoided, centralized production should be arranged as much as possible, which can greatly increase the utilization of equipment and effectively save energy and manpower. Concentrated spraying of vehicles of the same color can avoid waste of cleaning materials and time caused by frequent color changes, reduce resource consumption, and increase production efficiency. It is not appropriate to formulate reasonable product technology and quality standards that exceed the high-tech and quality requirements of the customer's needs. It will result in a lot of waste of corporate resources and increase costs. If the paint film thickness of a car is up to 100 μm, it can meet the requirements of anti-corrosion and aesthetics, and it is not necessary to exceed this thickness. Paint ash particles in inconspicuous areas often do not need to be handled, otherwise it will cause unnecessary rework and waste of resources. The use of advanced environmental management systems to strengthen scientific management of environmental cost management includes strengthening the inspection and maintenance of environmental equipment, establishing post responsibility systems and management responsibilities, improving environmental cost auditing, strengthening employee environmental protection skills and awareness training, and organizing civilized production.
The environmental cost control of the maintenance and recycling process of automotive painting products. After the car body painted with paint, there will be a lot of environmental problems in the process of maintenance, recycling and disposal. For example, cleaning car body will produce car wash wastewater. Car wash wastewater contains large amounts of pollutants such as oils, organics, and anionic synthetic detergents. It has a serious impact on the soil and groundwater. Repair of damaged paint coatings can produce a large amount of paint mist, while paint mist contains xylene and benzene. Toxic gases, etc., cause serious pollution to the atmospheric environment; improper recycling and disposal of scrapped parts and bodies can cause damage to the environment and human health. According to statistics, the use of water is required to clean a small car, while the water used for car washing in one large and medium-sized city can be used by 60,000 people for one year. During the period of the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, China plans to scrap 1.8 million cars and update them. These vehicles are faced with problems of recycling and disposal. Therefore, with the development of the domestic automobile consumer market, research on the environmental issues of the maintenance and recycling process of automotive coating products has been conducted. It has become an important issue in the environmental cost control of coating products. In order to control the environmental costs of the use, maintenance and recycling processes of automotive coating products, we must use the idea of ​​“chicken and sonâ€. The so-called “curing the root cause†means improving the environmental quality of automotive products' paint coatings, reducing pollution in the future use, maintenance, and recycling processes; The environmental cost control of the installed products after use, maintenance, recycling, etc. is used to reduce environmental pollution and protect environmental resources.
Refrigerant For Air Conditioning
Air conditioning refrigeration now generally uses water, ammonia, carbon dioxide, R12, R22, R134a, R404, R407C, R410 and R600a refrigerants. After 2009, Gree used R290, Jiabing, Zhongwei Refrigeration Company launched R433b, Furui Refrigeration Company launched ER445 series refrigerants, which are more energy-saving, environmentally friendly and efficient refrigerants, commonly known as hydrocarbon refrigerants, non-toxic, and will not cause any damage to the ozone layer. But because they are all alkanes, they are both flammable and explosive. Fluoride is a non-toxic, harmless, non-irritating, non-flammable, non-explosive, non-flash point, environmentally friendly refrigerant with 0 ODP value and very low GWP value.
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